String Handling Functions
==========================
1) trim():
----------
=> leading white spaces: the spaces in left side and right side to the string called as "leading white spaces".
=> to make remove leading white spaces we can use trim().
=> trim() can remove the white spaces from left side and right side to the string
but not in between string.

Syntax:
	trim(string-data);

Ex: 'ravi kumar'
'    abc'
'abc   '
'   abc   '

Queries:
---------
select trim('abc def') from dual;
select trim('   abc') from dual;
select trim('abc    ') from dual;
select trim('   abc   ') from dual;

2) ltrim():
-----------
=> ltrim() can remove the white spaces from the left side to the string only.
Syntax:
	ltrim(string-data); 

3) rtrim():
----------
=> rtrim() can remove the spaces from right side of the string only.
Syntax:
	rtrim(string-data);


Note:
-----
While validating the user-names or any other text information to avoid whitespaces (leading) we can use "trim" functions.

lpad():
-------
=> to pad the information with specified character to the left side of the original string/data we can use "lpad()".

Ex: original data: "java Fullstack"
"************ java Fullstack ********"

Syntax:
	lpad(string-data, length-padding, specified-character);

Ex: select lpad('Ashok IT',30,'*') from dual;

rpad():
-------
Syntax:
	rpad('string-data', length-padding, 'specified-character');

Ex: select rpad('Hyderabad',30,'*') from dual;

Q: Write a SQL query to remove the leading spaces from the employee name and job-title. And add padding in left and right side to the job-title with '#'.

select trim(empName),trim(jobTitle),lpad(jobTitle,20,'#'),rpad(jobTitle, 20, '#') from employeeTable;

translate():
------------
=> can use to translate the selected character with new-character.
(it can translate only one character at a time).
Syntax:
	translate(string-data, selected-character, replace-character);

Ex:
select translate('Jack', 'J', 'P') from dual;

replace():
----------
=> can use to replace/translate with group characters at specified character group (sub-string).
Syntax:
	replace(original-string, old-sub-string, new-sub-string);

Ex: select replace('Java is Difficult', 'Difficult', 'Easy') from dual;